Endocrine surgery is a surgery that focuses on one or more endocrine organs. Endocrine organs are systemic glands that secrete into the bloodstream hormones that are essential for maintaining homeostasis (i.e., a constant internal environment) and metabolism. These glands together form what is known as the endocrine system, whose control and command centers are the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. Other endocrine glands are the endocrine pancreas, pineal gland, adrenal glands, thyroid glands, and parathyroid glands. The specialists who perform surgery on these glands are called endocrinologists. In contrast to the exocrine pancreas, which produces enzymes for digestion, the endocrine pancreas secretes hormones, such as glucagon, insulin and gastrin. These are made using special cells called "islet cells". The pancreas is scattered throughout the pancreas, deep inside the abdominal cavity. Tumors can develop in the endocrine pancreas and require surgical resection. Most of these tumors compress adjacent structures and can cause local symptoms. Alternatively, it can cause clinical syndrome due to overproduction of hormones. However, untreated endocrine disorders can cause widespread complications throughout the body. Endocrine disorders usually do not require hospitalization, but can cause serious symptoms in some cases. Related risks include infections, bleeding, and extreme fluctuations in blood pressure. These risks are more important than the medical benefits of surgery. Types of endocrine surgery Adrenalectomy: An adrenalectomy is surgery to remove one or both adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are above each kidney. Both adrenal glands produce a variety of hormones that help regulate metabolism, the immune system, blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and other important functions. Humans cannot live without the adrenal glands. Therefore, if both adrenal glands are removed (very rarely needed), the patient should take medications and supplements to provide the hormones they need.
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