Gastric diseases refer to a group of disorders that affect the digestive system, particularly the stomach. These conditions can be caused by various factors, including lifestyle, genetics, and infections, and can range from mild to severe. Some of the most common gastric diseases include peptic ulcers, gastritis, and acid reflux. Peptic ulcers are sores that develop on the lining of the stomach, duodenum, or esophagus. These ulcers are usually caused by an infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or long-term use of certain pain medications, such as aspirin and ibuprofen. The symptoms of peptic ulcers include abdominal pain, bloating, heartburn, and nausea. Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining, which can be caused by various factors, including H. pylori infection, excessive alcohol consumption, and stress. The symptoms of gastritis include abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, gastritis can lead to bleeding and perforation of the stomach wall. Acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), is a condition in which stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms. GERD can be caused by several factors, including a weak lower esophageal sphincter, obesity, and pregnancy. Diagnosing gastric diseases typically involves a physical exam, endoscopy, and blood tests. Treatment depends on the specific condition and can range from lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet and avoiding alcohol, to medications and surgery.